ƒ Luca Zanolini — Research Scientist, Ethereum Foundation
Luca Zanolini
Luca Zanolini
Research Scientist · Ethereum Foundation
Seoul, Korea

I am a Research Scientist at the Ethereum Foundation, working on the long-term evolution of Ethereum's consensus protocol as part of the Protocol Consensus team. My current focus is on faster finality — the formal question of when a distributed network can irreversibly confirm a transaction — and on designing protocols that achieve this efficiently, securely, and under realistic network assumptions.

More broadly, my research spans consensus protocols, Byzantine fault tolerance, and the security foundations of distributed systems. I hold a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Bern, where I worked under Prof. Christian Cachin on the theory of asymmetric trust — a formal model allowing different participants in a network to hold different trust assumptions about each other.

My academic background is in Mathematics, studied at Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, with a focus on abstract algebra and cryptography.


Selected Work
Research highlights
Consensus · 2025
Proved when and how validators can be formally identified as responsible for stalling Ethereum. Rigorous foundations for Ethereum's inactivity leak mechanism. Published at ACM CCS 2025.
Ethereum · 2024
Reduces Ethereum's finalization from 64–95 slots to just 3, combining a dynamically available protocol with a partially synchronous finality gadget.
Writing · 2025
With Vitalik Buterin and Ittai Abraham. A framework for the multiple layers of finality — probabilistic, cryptoeconomic, and social. Published on Decentralized Thoughts.
Collaborators
I work with researchers across academia and industry, including:
Vitalik Buterin · Ethereum Ittai Abraham · VMware Research Joachim Neu · a16z crypto Research Tim Roughgarden · Columbia / a16z crypto Andrew Lewis-Pye · LSE Kartik Nayak · Duke University Christian Cachin · University of Bern
Research Interests
Consensus Protocols
Designing and analyzing protocols for distributed agreement, with a focus on finality, safety, and liveness under adversarial conditions. Current work includes dynamically available protocols, ebb-and-flow consensus protocols, and fast confirmation rules for Ethereum.
Distributed Systems
Theoretical foundations of fault-tolerant distributed computation and Byzantine fault tolerance. Particular interest in models of trust — including asymmetric and heterogeneous trust assumptions — and their formal treatment.
Blockchain Security
Studying the security of blockchain protocols from first principles — analyzing fork choice rules, finality gadgets, and the interplay between safety and liveness. Includes work on asymmetric trust models, quorum systems, and the sleepy model of consensus.

Coverage
In the press

Publications
Research output
2025
ACM CCS 2025
Proves when liveness accountability is achievable, providing rigorous foundations for Ethereum's inactivity leak mechanism.
2024
EF Research
Reduces Ethereum finalization from 64–95 slots to 3, combining dynamic availability with partial synchrony.
2024
Preprint
Derives conditions for fast confirmation with a proved β < 1/4 safety threshold.
2024
IEEE CSF 2024
Introduces RLMD-GHOST, a dynamically available protocol that maintains safety during bounded asynchrony. Foundation for Ethereum's 3SF design.
2024
Distributed Computing, 2024
2023
PhD ThesisUniversity of Bern, 2023
Develops the theory of asymmetric trust in secure distributed systems — a formal model where participants hold different, possibly incompatible trust assumptions about each other.
2022
Financial Cryptography 2022
Full list on Google Scholar, DBLP, and arXiv.

Talks & Presentations
Where I've spoken
Apr 2025
Seoul
What Comes Next for Institutions on Ethereum
Ethereum Korea One · Closing Talk
Mar 2025
Rotterdam
Towards a Faster Finality Protocol for Ethereum
KeynotePaPoC 2025 — Principles and Practice of Consistency for Distributed Data
Watch →
2023
a16z crypto
Recent Latest Message Driven GHOST: Balancing Dynamic Availability With Asynchrony Resilience
a16z crypto Research Summer School
Watch on YouTube →
Aug 2023
Stanford
Recent Latest Message Driven GHOST: Balancing Dynamic Availability With Asynchrony Resilience
Science of Blockchain Conference (SBC 2023)
Dec 2022
Brussels
Modeling Resources in Permissionless Longest-chain Total-order Broadcast
OPODIS 2022
Nov 2022
Los Angeles
Quorum Systems in Permissionless Networks
ConsensusDay 2022
May 2022
Grenada
Quick Order Fairness
Financial Cryptography 2022
Oct 2021
Remote
Asymmetric Asynchronous Byzantine Consensus
CBT @ ESORICS 2021
Sep 2021
Remote
How to Trust Strangers: Composition of Byzantine Quorum Systems
SRDS 2021

Writing
Posts & research notes
2025
With Vitalik Buterin · Ittai Abraham
A conceptual framework exploring the multiple layers of finality in blockchains — probabilistic, cryptoeconomic, threshold, and social — and how finality strengthens over time. Published on Decentralized Thoughts.
2025
ethresear.ch
On the fundamental reasons why Ethereum's consensus layer must remain live even as validator participation fluctuates — and what that demands from protocol design.
2024
ethresear.ch
Technical analysis of how the 3-Slot Finality protocol interacts with other major protocol upgrades on Ethereum's near-term roadmap.
2024
ethresear.ch
Introducing the 3SF protocol and reframing the single-slot finality goal around practical network constraints and validator set scale.
2023
ethresear.ch
Formal analysis of a fast confirmation rule for Ethereum's proof-of-stake consensus protocol, including the β < 1/4 safety threshold.
2023
ethresear.ch
Introduces RLMD-GHOST combined with Casper-FFG to achieve single-slot finality, showing how honest proposals can be finalized within the same slot they are proposed.
More on ethresear.ch.

Contact
Get in touch

I'm happy to hear from researchers, builders, and anyone working on consensus, distributed systems, or Ethereum's protocol layer.

Email
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Based in
Seoul, Korea